Analysis of Changes in Drafting a Base Map in View of Amendments to the Provisions of Law**

Since 1979, the records of the base map in Poland were regulated by the provisions contained in the subsequent editions of the Technical Guideline K-1 [8]. They were universally applicable technical standards, referred to in the Regulation of the Minister of Internal Aff airs and Administration of 24 March 1999 [16], with the Appendix containing a list of technical standards. The list included the subsequent versions of the Technical Guideline K-1, in the following order: – Technical Guideline K-1 “The Base Map”, implemented by the Decree of the President of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography of 9 February 1979, amended by the Decree No. 1 of the President of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography of 24 February 1984 (Offi cial Journal of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography No. 1, item 1), – Technical Guideline K-1 “The Base Map of the Country”, implemented by the Surveyor General of Poland by the lett er of 16 May 1995, – Technical Guideline K-1 “The Base Map”, issued in 1998 by the Surveyor General of Poland.


Introduction
Since 1979, the records of the base map in Poland were regulated by the provisions contained in the subsequent editions of the Technical Guideline K-1 [8].They were universally applicable technical standards, referred to in the Regulation of the Minister of Internal Aff airs and Administration of 24 March 1999 [16], with the Appendix containing a list of technical standards.
The list included the subsequent versions of the Technical Guideline K-1, in the following order: -Technical Guideline K-1 "The Base Map", implemented by the Decree of the President of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography of 9 February 1979, amended by the Decree No. 1 of the President of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography of 24 February 1984 (Offi cial Journal of the Head Offi ce of Land Surveying and Cartography No. 1, item 1), -Technical Guideline K-1 "The Base Map of the Country", implemented by the Surveyor General of Poland by the lett er of 16 May 1995, -Technical Guideline K-1 "The Base Map", issued in 1998 by the Surveyor General of Poland.
As the above list demonstrates, four dates of changes to the provisions of the Technical Guideline K-1 are important : 1979, 1984, 1995 and 1998.A signifi cant part of the Guideline was occupied by the description of the principles of mapping the individual elements of the base map, which was drawn up on the matrices in the analog form, using drawing tools [12].Only the last edition of the Guideline of 1998 allowed for the base map to be drawn up both in the analog form as well as with the information systems, which are used to establish and run land information system.
The Guideline K-1, as well as other technical guidelines, was voided by the provision of Article 35 of the Act of 4 March 2010 on the Infrastructure for Spatial Information [19].As a consequence of this Act entering into force, a number of regulations concerning surveying works and surveying documentation were issued in Poland.The most important in this respect is the BDOT Regulation of 2013 [14].However, due to the entry into force of the Act of 5 June 2014 amending the Act -Geodetic and Cartographic Law and the Law on enforcement proceedings in administration [20], the status of this Regulation was changed to "considered abrogated".Due to the enormity of the content, it was split into two regulations, which came into force in 2015 -one for the district and national databases of surveying records of public utilities and another one -on the databases of topographic objects and the base map (the BDOT Regulation, 2015) [15].
The current wording of Article 2 clause 7 of the Geodetic and Cartographic Law, after the above-mentioned amendment in 2014, the defi nition of the base map was re-formulated.Its current defi nition is as follows: [...] the base map -understood as the large-scale cartographic document, containing information about the spatial location of: geodetic control points, record parcels, buildings, contours of land use, classifi cation contours, networks of public utilities, building structures and technical infrastructure, and other topographic objects, as well as selected descriptive information about these objects.
The Geodetic and Cartographic Law amended in 2014 also applies to the planned date of a complete implementation of the digital base map by the of geodetic and cartographic documentation centers in Poland, by adding the wording of Article 53b section 2: In the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016, in the case of a failure to create databases, [...], the base map can be kept in the vector form, as applied prior to 1 January 2014, or in the raster form, systematically supplemented with vector data.This provision legally sanctioned the situation existing in some geodetic and cartographic documentation centers, where the base map was kept in the raster form, which was only the electronically processed analogue map.There is a high probability of an emerging necessity of further extension of the deadline of 31 December 2016 as the ultimate date in terms of the admissibility of the existence of raster maps, and even analogue maps in Poland.
Due to the rapidly changing legal status in Poland regarding the base map, it happens that the base map is sometimes kept in various forms, according to diff erent technical standards.Such diversity frequently applies even to neighboring districts, or even cadastral districts.Therefore, it is justifi ed to conduct a comparative analysis of the presentation of selected elements of the content of the base map, kept according to diff erent standards, which is the primary objective of this study.

Comparison of the General Assumptions of Keeping the Base Map
According to the Technical Guideline K-1, and Pursuant to the BDOT Regulations The Technical Guideline K-1 of 1998 consisted of three parts and three Appendixes.The instructions contained in the fi rst part defi ned the four basic scales in which the base map could be prepared: 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 and 1:5000.The scale was selected depending on the degree of concentration of the details making up the content of the map, and the projected investment plans.The fi rst part of the Guideline also specifi ed the elements belonging to the obligatory content of the base map.These included: control points, elements of the cadastre and elements of the network of public utilities.
The second part of the Technical Guideline K-1 included instructions for the keeping of the base map, which was intended to be eventually converted to the vector form, associated with the database on the objects.The unambiguity of this information was guaranteed by unique digital or alphabetic code for identifying the details and assigning graphic characters to them.In addition, each object representing the content of the digital map had to be assigned spatial att ributes, specifying its location, and descriptive att ributes, specifying other properties of the object, e.g.description texts.The requirement of Guideline K-1 was that only those elements which were measured with suffi cient accuracy, resulting from separate technical instructions, could be introduced to the map.
The last part of the Technical Guideline K-1 set out the requirements to the information systems supporting the keeping of the digital map and supplying the land information system.Therefore, preparation of a map required the acquisition of the following information about the objects: object code, object identifi cation, the geometric shape of the object, the list of coordinates locating the object in the fi eld, object att ributes provided for by the Guideline, data source on the object location, the date of execution and last modifi cation of the object, the KERG number of the documentation which the data about the object derives from.
The BDOT Regulation of 2013 [14] changed the existing approach to this kind of cartographic documentation.The current base map is therefore a report generated from several coexisting databases: -BDOT500 -database of topographic objects with the detail that ensures the preparation of cartographic documentation in the scales of 1:500 -1:5000, created by the processing of source materials existing in the resource and which are the content of the base map and other individual large-scale maps, as well as those captured from other public records, -GESUT -surveying records of the network of public utilities, which is made up of the data captured from the entities who manage networks of utilities and from the previously existing large-scale maps, including the base map, -PRG -database of the state register of boundaries and surface areas of the territorial division units of the country, -EGiB -database of the register of land and buildings (real estate cadastre), -PRPOG -database of the national register of basic geodetic controls, -BDSOG -database of detailed geodetic controls.
Out of the above-mentioned databases applicable across the whole territory of Poland, the following databases are established at the district level: BDOT500, GE-SUT, EGiB and BDSOG.The issues of building an integrated database and cartographic editing are discussed in [3,9,10,21].

Changes in the Base Map Editing with Respect to the Technical Guideline K-1 and the BDOT Regulation
This chapter will compare the most important elements regarding the editing of the map in the light of the provisions of the Technical Guideline K-1 of 1998.(Appendix 1, Part B), the BDOT Regulation of 2013 (Appendix 7, Chapter 3) and the BDOT Regulation of 2015.In the BDOT Regulation of 2015, the descriptions relating to the objects are also objects of the database.Chapter 3 of Appendix 6 defi nes the label, or the legend, which is to appear inside or next to the object on the map.However, Chapter 3 of Appendix 7 of the BDOT Regulation of 2015 contains the principles of cartographic editing of the base map.
Based on these legal acts, Tables 1-6 summarize the relevant fragments of the analyzed laws, in terms of the subsequent factors taken into account during the conversion process of the database resources and editing of the map content.
To ensure the clarity of the comparisons, colors were used in accordance with the legend: -green -recommendations which have remained unchanged in the Regulation in relation to the Technical Guideline K-1, -red -recommendations which have changed, -blue -new provisions introduced by the Regulation.

Changes in the Base Map Editing with Respect to the Description of the Function of Buildings
One of the basic, yet obligatory contents of the base map, are buildings and structures.In addition to their graphical representation, the information which was obligatory for a building included in the base map, according to the Technical Guideline K-1, was the predominant function of the building and the number of stories.Due to the volume of the study, only the changes in the denotation of the function of the building, defi ned by a lett er abbreviation, will be presented [2,4].The amendment to the Regulation on the register of land and buildings of 2013 introduced the obligation to specify the class, type and function of buildings.Thus, in the Regulation on BDOT500 and the base map, there were a lot more descriptions used in defi ning the so-called functions of buildings.
It should be emphasized that, despite the verbal description in the Regulation: the function of the building, it is actually supposed to be the determination of its class according to the Polish Classifi cation of Types of Constructions [17].[8,14,15] Table 7 illustrates the comparison of changes in lett er denominations of the function of the building and an explanation of the meaning of each lett er symbol.
Based on the comparison contained in Table 7, signifi cant discrepancies can be seen in the description of the functions of buildings according to K-1 and the BDOT Regulation, including: -only two lett er abbreviations of the functions are identical in their description and meaning in these two acts of law -this applies to offi ce buildings b and industrial buildings p; -provisions of the BDOT Regulation divide residential buildings into: single-family residential buildings mj, residential buildings with two apartments md, residential buildings with three or more apartments mt and communal residential buildings mz; the abrogated Technical Guideline K-1 provided for only one denotation of buildings with residential function m; -commercial buildings were previously denoted with the lett er h, and are currently marked with the lett er u; thus, the same object will have diff erent denotations on the map, depending on when (and according to what standards) the map was created; -a similar situation applies to university buildings.According to the Technical Guideline K-1, they were denoted with the lett er k, because they belonged to the group including buildings used for cultural, educational and religious purposes; currently, in accordance with the Regulation, they form a separate group which includes school buildings and research institutions, and are marked with the lett er e; -the situation with the buildings denoted with the lett er h is quite the opposite; although the lett er denotation is the same in the Technical Guideline K-1 and in the BDOT Regulation, these acronyms have diff erent meaning; the Technical Guideline K-1 describes the lett er h as representing the commercial building, while the BDOT Regulation translates h as the hotel building.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the content of the base map must be read with the knowledge of when and according to which provisions a given map was prepared.Possible variations of the descriptions of buildings appearing on the map, which can only result from the revised legislation, should be taken into account.An example of a fragment of the same area, presented according to the various provisions of law, was presented in Figure 1.
It should be added, that the update of the map kept according to the previous standards should be consistently continued in the same standard.Only after the conversion of the map content to new regulations, its form changes and may be updated according to the latest regulation [13].It should be emphasized that the use of the base map is of fundamental importance to surveying works such as planning works, preparation of maps for design purposes, establishing rights-of-way, or even the construction of the 3D cadastral system [5,7,12,18].Therefore, inconsistency in the content of the map resulting from changes in the legislation is not benefi cial to the user.

Summary
As it follows from the above comparisons, the new Regulation on the preparation of the base map signifi cantly modifi es the manner of its creation, both in graphic and editing terms.The changes also apply to text att ributes, abbreviations and displayed names.The manner of the coding of each item has changed as well.Only 31 objects found in the Technical Guideline K-1 remained unchanged in the BDOT Regulation of 2013; however, 89 new objects were introduced.The remaining objects were modifi ed, both in terms of classifi cation (e.g. an element was a point or a linear object, and currently it is a surface object), name, or symbol visualization.
At the moment, the most diffi cult task for IT systems is the requirement of the conversion of the map content into the GML format, compatible with the application scheme.Although the new legal act provides this scheme, numerous diff erences in the coding of objects, and the resulting reservations as to the possibility of using the scheme appearing in the surveying environment, allows for the conclusion that currently the transfer of all the information from the base map to the GML format is diffi cult to carry out.
Despite the controversial issues in the applicable laws which have been emerging, companies managing geodetic and cartographic data take steps to adapt their applications to the new requirements, especially with respect to the appropriate surveying software.An att empt to convert the data, however, is a very complex task and it cannot be done in a fully automated manner without any losses.The phenomenon of frequent amendments to the provisions of law, occurring in recent years in Poland, results in a lack of consistency in the semantic content of the base map, prepared based on the previous wording of the provisions in the legislation.

8 .- § 8 .
are denoted along the object, in italics, according to the principle that the denotations always run (the last lett er relative to the fi rst one) in azimuths of less than 180 degrees § 8. descriptions of elongated objects, especially of roadways or fl owing water, are placed along these objects No change Description of surface objects is placed inside the described contour, and if there is lack of space -a reference is used No change Description of the contour line obscures the contour, the top of the description indicates the direction of the area height increase § The entry abrogated (the new provisions do not provide for the contour line) No change Description of the objects: natural altitude point and artifi cial altitude point are denoted parallel to the Y axis of the coordinate system, if such a position leads to a loss of clarity, rotation is allowed No change Description of the object: artifi cial altitude point for the object: roadway is placed parallel to its edge No change Meters from decimals in heights are separated by a point The entry abrogated No changeSource: own studies based on[8,14,15]

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Hatches for manholes, streetlights, trees, curbs and descriptions according to the Technical Guideline K-1 and the BDOT Regulation

Table 2 .
Summary of the diff erences in editing of the map -descriptions

Table 3 .
Summary of the diff erences in editing of the mapoutline and description of the building

Table 4 .
Summary of the diff erences in editing of the mapnames of roads and squares BDOT Regulation of 2015 § 9. Street names are marked without the abbreviation ul., but abbreviations al. (Avenue) and pl.(Square) are used § 7. Descriptions of the objects: street, alley, sidewalk, walkway or path consist of the abbreviations "j.", "al.", "ch.", "pas." or "sc", and

Table 5 .
Summary of the diff erences in editing of the mapnames and numbers of surface objects

Table 6 .
Summary of the diff erences in editing of the map -boundaries

Table 7 .
Comparison of functions of buildings and classes of buildings